![]() ![]() In CIRCE, the concentrator errors are convolved with the solar intensity profile (sunshape) to produce the flux-density distribution more » on a specified target plane. CIRCE was developed with the objective of providing knowledgeable users with an easily used design tool which does not require a large investment of time to obtain results. CIRCE, an acronym for Convolution of Incident Radiation with Concentrator Errors, was developed from HELIOS, a large multipurpose cone optics computer code for the analysis of central solar receiver systems. In this paper a computer simulation code called CIRCE is discussed and examples of its application to several point-focus concentrating collector geometeries are presented. Some of the modeling in HELIOS and samples of results are described. Several output choices are available, including graphical display of flux density distributions, of shadowing and blocking and of sunshape. Nondeterministic factors such as sun-tracking errors and facet-surface errors are described statistically and combined with the sunshape by numerical convolution. Measured angular-distributions of incoming photons (sunshapes) and effects of aureole scattering are incorporated. more » Atmospheric attenuation effects are included. HELIOS calculates the ''sun position'' and uses it to establish alignment geometries. Comparisons of HELIOS results with measurements have given good agreement. HELIOS has been used extensively to analyze questions on safety, performance, design trade-offs, and tower protection engineering. The problem has individual subroutines for each task in order to incorporate options for a variety of facet shapes, heliostat designs, field layouts, and tower-receiver apertures, and to facilitate additions and code improvements. ![]() The HELIOS computer code calculates the power concentrated by a field of individually guided heliostats and the resulting flux density (watts/cm/sup 2/) falling upon an arbitrary target grid. These capabilities have been used for performance predictions, safety studies, design trade-offs, data analysis problems, the specification and analysis of concentrator quality, and for the general more » understanding of solar-concentrator technology. ![]() Some of the HELIOS routines are described, a few of its capabilities are discussed and illustrated, and comparisons of data with calculations are presented. This model forms a basis for the simulation code HELIOS as well as for other codes under development. The analytical methods used for the statistics, the off-axis reflecting optics, the atmospheric effects, and the various coordinate systems are described and illustrated. ![]() The angular distribution of sunrays for the radiation incident on a concentrator is modified by convolution, using the fast Fourier transform, to incorporate the effects of other nondeterministic factors such as sun-tracking errors, surface slope errors, and reflectance properties. An important output is the flux-density pattern (W/cm/sup 2/) at a grid of points on a surface such as the absorbing surface of a receiver and its integral (power in watts) over the surface. The model follows the incident solar radiation through the system (including the atmosphere) and includes all the factors that influence the optical performance of a collector. standing in his way and programmed with orders to kill him.The Helios model simulates the optical behavior of reflecting concentrators. When Michael comes to rescue Bonnie and stop the heist, he finds K.I.T.T. to assist in a museum gold heist just one of Deauville's phases in a much larger scheme to fund the building of an underground complex that he believes will save him from the nuclear Armageddon of World War III. Meanwhile, Deauville puts Bonnie under mind control and has her lure Michael into a trap. Michael attends the gathering and learns Litton is just the latest member of Helios to fall victim to a mysterious death.Įventually, Michael stumbles upon an elaborate plot learning Litton was killed because he discovered the burial artifacts were fakes and the dig site is a front for something bigger. Deauville has just inducted Bonnie and Devon into the society and invites them to a ceremony. Graham Deauville, who is also the leader of the prestigious "Helios Society", an organization of genius minds. Elsewhere, Devon and Bonnie speak with Litton's partner, Dr. Litton, suddenly goes insane and slips into a coma. Michael investigates an archeological dig, but his contact, Dr. ![]()
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